What does "settlement" in soils refer to?

Settlement in soils refers to the downward movement of the ground that occurs when soil is compressed under the weight of structures or other loads. As weight is applied, the soil particles become more densely packed, which can lead to a decrease in volume or elevation of the ground surface. This is particularly relevant in construction and engineering, as improper settlement can affect the integrity and safety of buildings and structures.

The concept of settlement is critical in understanding how soil behaves under different loading conditions. Various factors such as the type of soil, moisture content, and the history of loading will influence the extent and rate of settlement. Understanding settlement helps engineers design foundations that can accommodate or mitigate anticipated ground movements, ensuring stability over time.

Soil expansion during wet seasons, movement of soil due to erosion, and changes in soil texture over time are related to the soil's physical and chemical properties but do not capture the specific process of settlement caused by applied loads.